1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Citalopram 10 mg film-coated tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each film-coated tablet contains 10 mg citalopram (as citalopram hydrobromide).
Excipient: lactose monohydrate.
Each film-coated tablet contains 22.86 mg lactose monohydrate.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Film-coated tablet.
White coloured, biconvex, round shaped film-coated tablets debossed with 'A' on one side and '05' on the other side.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Treatment of depressive illness in the initial phase and as maintenance against potential relapse/recurrence.
Citalopram 10 mg film-coated tablets are also indicated in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
4.2.1 Posology
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODES
The recommended dose is 20 mg daily. In general improvement in patients starts after one week but may only become evident from the second week of therapy. As with all antidepressant medicinal products, dosage should be reviewed and adjusted if necessary within 3 to 4 weeks of initiation of therapy and thereafter as judged clinically appropriate. Although there may be an increased potential for undesirable effects at higher doses, if after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased up to a maximum of 60 mg a day in 20 mg steps according to the patient's response (see section 5.1). Dosage adjustments should be made carefully on an individual patient basis, to maintain the patient at the lowest effective dose.
Patients with depression should be treated for a sufficient period of at least 6 months to ensure that they are free from symptoms.
PANIC DISORDER
Patients should be started on 10 mg/day and the dose gradually increased in 10 mg steps according to the patient's response up to the recommended dose. The recommended dose is 20-30 mg daily. A low initial starting dose is recommended to minimise the potential worsening of panic symptoms, which is generally recognised to occur early in the treatment of this disorder. Although there may be an increased potential for undesirable effects at higher doses, if after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually up to a maximum of 60 mg /day (see section 5.1). Dosage adjustments should be made carefully on an individual patient basis, to maintain the patients at the lowest effective dose.
Patients with panic disorder should be treated for a sufficient period to ensure that they are free from symptoms. This period may be several months or even longer.
Elderly patients (> 65 years of age)
The recommended daily dose is 20 mg. Dependent on individual patient response this may be increased to a maximum of 40 mg daily.
Children and adolescents (< 18 years of age)
Citalopram should not be used in treatment of children and adolescent under the age of 18 years (see section 4.4).
Reduced hepatic function
Dosage should be restricted to the lower end of the dose range.
Reduced renal function
Dosage adjustment is not necessary in cases of mild or moderate renal impairment. No information is available in cases of severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <20 mL/min).
Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of citalopram
Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided. When stopping treatment with citalopram the dose should be gradually reduced over a period of at least one to two weeks in order to reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use and section 4.8 Undesirable Effects). If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.
4.2.2 Method of administration
Citalopram tablets are administered as a single daily dose. Citalopram tablets can be taken at any time of the day without regard to food intake.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the citalopram or to any of the excipients (see section 6.1).
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs):
Cases of serious and sometimes fatal reactions have been reported in patients receiving an SSRI in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), including the selective MAOI selegiline and the reversible MAOI (RIMA), moclobemide and in patients who have recently discontinued an SSRI and have been started on a MAOI.
Some cases presented with features resembling serotonin syndrome.
Citalopram should not be given to patients receiving Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) including selegiline in daily doses exceeding 10 mg/day.
Symptoms of a drug interaction with a MAOI include: hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, mental status changes that include confusion, irritability and extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma. Citalopram should not be used in combination with a MAOI. Citalopram may be started 14 days after discontinuing treatment with an irreversible MAOI and at least one day after discontinuing treatment with the reversible MAOI (RIMA), moclobemide. At least 7 days should elapse after discontinuing citalopram treatment before starting a MAOI or RIMA (see section 4.5).
Citalopram is contraindicated in the combination with linezolid unless there are facilities for close observation and monitoring of blood pressure (see section 4.5).
Citalopram should not be used concomitantly with pimozide (see also section 4.5).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Treatment of elderly patients and patients with reduced kidney and liver function, see section 4.2.
Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening
Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.
Other psychiatric conditions for which citalopram is prescribed can also be associated with an increased risk of suicide-related events. In addition, these conditions may be co-morbid with major depressive disorder. The same precautions observed when treating patients with major depressive disorder should therefore be observed when treating patients with other psychiatric disorders.
Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.
Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.
Use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age
Citalopram should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. Suicide-related behaviours (suicide attempt and suicidal thoughts) and hostility (predominantly aggression, oppositional behaviour and anger) were more frequently observed in clinical trials among children and adolescents treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with placebo. If, based on clinical need, a decision to treat is nevertheless taken; the patient should be carefully monitored for the appearance of suicidal symptoms. In addition, long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation and cognitive and behavioural development are lacking.
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia, probably due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), has been reported as a rare adverse reaction with the use of SSRIs and generally reverse on discontinuation of therapy. Elderly female patients seem to be at particularly high risk.
Diabetes
In patients with diabetes, treatment with an SSRI may alter glycaemic control, possibly due to improvement of depressive symptoms. Insulin and or oral hypoglycaemic dosage may need to be adjusted.
Serotonin syndrome
In rare cases, serotonin syndrome has been reported in patients using SSRIs. A combination of symptoms such as agitation, tremor, myoclonus, and hyperthermia may indicate the development of this condition. Treatment with citalopram should be discontinued immediately and symptomatic treatment initiated.
Serotonergic medicines
Citalopram should not be used concomitantly with medicinal products with serotonergic effects such as sumatriptan or other triptans, tramadol, oxitriptan and tryptophan.
Seizures
Seizures are a potential risk with antidepressant drugs. Citalopram should be discontinued in any patient who develops seizures. Citalopram should be avoided in patients with unstable epilepsy and patients with controlled epilepsy should be carefully monitored. Citalopram should be discontinued if there is an increase in seizure frequency.
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
There is little clinical experience of concurrent administration of citalopram and ECT, therefore caution is advisable.
Reversible, selective MAO-A inhibitors
The combination of citalopram with MAO-A inhibitors is generally not recommended due to the risk of onset of a serotonin syndrome (see section 4.5).
For information on concomitant treatment with non-selective, irreversible MAO-inhibitors see section 4.5.
St. John's Wort
Undesirable effects may be more common during concomitant use of citalopram and herbal preparations containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Therefore citalopram and St John's wort preparations should not be taken concomitantly (see section 4.5).
Mania
Citalopram should be used with caution in patients with a history of mania/hypomania. In patients with manic-depressive illness a change towards the manic phase may occur. Citalopram should be discontinued in any patient entering a manic phase.
Haemorrhage
There have been reports of prolonged bleeding time and/or bleeding abnormalities such as ecchymoses and purpura or mucous bleedings, as well as haemorrhagic manifestations e .g. gynaecological haemorrhage, gastrointestinal haemorrhage with SSRIs (see section 4.8). The risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage may be increased in elderly people during treatment with SSRIs. Caution is advised in patients taking SSRIs, particularly in concomitant use with drugs known to affect platelet function (e.g. atypical antipsychotics and phenothiazines, most tricyclic antidepressants, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other active substances that can increase the risk of haemorrhage, as well as in patients with a history of bleeding disorders (see section 4.5).
Experience with citalopram has not revealed any clinically relevant interactions with neuroleptics. However, as with other SSRIs, the possibility of a pharmacodynamic interaction cannot be excluded.
As with most antidepressants, citalopram should be discontinued if the patient enters a manic phase. There is little clinical experience of concurrent use of citalopram and ECT.
Paradoxical anxiety
Some patients with panic disorder may experience intensified anxiety symptoms at the start of treatments with antidepressants. This paradoxical reaction usually subsides within the first two weeks of starting treatment. A low starting dose is advised to reduce the likelihood of a paradoxical anxiogenic effect (see section 4.2).
Akathisia/psychomotor restlessness
The use of citalopram has been associated with the development of akathisia, characterised by a subjectively unpleasant or distressing restlessness and need to move often accompanied by an inability to sit or stand still. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.
Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of SSRI treatment
Withdrawal symptoms when treatment is discontinued are common, particularly if discontinuation is abrupt (see section 4.8). In a recurrence prevention clinical trial adverse events after discontinuation of active ingredient were seen in 40% of patinets versus 20 % in patients continuing citalopram.
The risk of withdrawal symptoms may be dependent on several factors including the duration and dose of therapy and the rate of dose reduction. Dizziness, sensory disturbances (including paraesthesia), sleep disturbances (including insomnia and intense dreams), agitation or anxiety, nausea and/or vomiting, tremor, confusion, sweating, headache, diarrhoea, palpitations, emotional instability, irritability, and visual disturbances are the most commonly reported reactions. Generally these symptoms are mild to moderate, however, in some patients they may be severe in intensity. They usually occur within the first few days of discontinuing treatment, but there have been very rare reports of such symptoms in patients who have inadvertently missed a dose. Generally these symptoms are self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks, though in some individuals they may be prolonged (2-3 months or more). It is therefore advised that citalopram should be gradually tapered when discontinuing treatment over a period of several weeks or months, according to the patient's needs (see “Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of citalopram”, Section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration).
Psychosis
Treatment of psychotic patients with depressive episodes may increase psychotic symptoms.
QT prolongation
Elevated levels of a side metabolite (didemethylcitalopram) can theoretically prolong the QT syndrome or in patients with hypokalaemia/ hypomagnesiaemia. ECG monitoring may be advisable in case of overdose or conditions of altered metabolism with increased peak levels, e.g. liver impairment.
Excipients
Citalopram 10 mg film-coated tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Pharmacodynamic interactions
At the pharmacodynamic level cases of serotonin syndrome with citalopram and moclobemide and buspirone have been reported.
Contraindicated combinations
MAO-inhibitors
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) should not be used in combination with SSRIs (see Contraindications)
The simultaneous use of citalopram and MAO-inhibitors can result in severe undesirable effects, including the serotonin syndrome (see section 4.3).
Cases of serious and sometimes fatal reactions have been reported in patients receiving an SSRI in combination with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), including the irreversible MAOI selegiline and the reversible MAOIs linezolid and moclobemide and in patients who have recently discontinued and SSRI and have been started on a MAOI.
Some cases presented with features resembling serotonin syndrome. Symptoms of an active substance interaction with a MAOI include: agitation, tremor, myoclonus, and hyperthermia.
Pimozide
Co administration of a single dose of pimozide 2 mg to subjects treated with racemic citalopram 40 mg/day for 11 days caused an increase in AUC and Cmax of pimozide, although not consistently throughout the study. The co-administration of pimozide and citalopram resulted in a mean increase in the QTc interval of approximately 10 msec. Due to the interaction noted at a low dose of pimozide, concomitant admininistration of citalopram and pimozide is contraindicated.
Combinations requiring precautions for use
Selegiline (selective MAO-B inhibitor)
A pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic interaction study with concomitantly administered citalopram (20 mg daily) and selegiline (10 mg daily) (a selective MAO-B inhibitor) demonstrated no clinically relevant interactions. The concomitant use of citalopram and selegiline (in doses above 10 mg daily) is not recommended.
Alcohol
The combination of citalopram and alcohol is not advisable. However clinical studies have revealed no adverse pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions between citalopram and alcohol.
Serotonergicmedicinal products
Lithium & tryptophan
No pharmacodynamic interactions have been found in clinical studies in which citalopram has been given concomitantly with lithium. However there have been reports of enhanced effects when SSRIs have been given with lithium or tryptophan and therefore the concomitant use of citalopram with these drugs should be undertaken with caution. Routine monitoring of lithium levels should be continued as usual.
Co administration with serotonergic medicinal products (e.g. tramadol, sumatriptan) may lead to enhancement of 5-HT associated effects.
Until further information is available, the simultaneous use of citalopram and 5-HT agonists, such as sumatriptan and other triptans, is not recommended (see section 4.4).
Desipramine, imipramine
In a pharmacokinetic study no affect was demonstrated on either citalopram or imipramine levels, although the level of desipramine, the primary metabolite of imipramine, was increased. When desipramine is combined with citalopram, an increase of the desipramine plasma concentration has been observed. A reduction of the desipramine dose may be needed.
St. John's Wort
Dynamic interactions between citalopram and herbal remedy St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) can occur, resulting in an increase in undesirable effects (see section 4.4). Pharmacokinetic interactions have not been investigated.
Haemorrhage
Caution is warranted for patients who are being treated simultaneously with anticoagulants, medicinal products that affect the platelet function, such as non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamol, and ticlopidine or other medicines (e.g. atypical antipsychotics, phenothiazines, tricyclic depressants) that can increase the risk of haemorrhage (see section 4.4).
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
There are no clinical studies establishing the risks or benefits of the combined use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and citalopram (see section 4.4).
Medicinal products inducing QT prolongation or hypokalaemia/hypomagnesaemia
Caution is warranted for concomitant use of other QT interval prolonging medicines or hypokalaemia/hypomagnesaemia inducing drugs as they, like citalopram, potentially prolong the QT interval.
Medicinal products lowering the seizure threshold
SSRIs can lower the seizure threshold. Caution is advised when concomitantly using other medicinal products capable of lowering the seizure threshold (e.g. antidepressants [tricyclics, SSRIs], neuroleptics [phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and butyrophenones]), mefloquin, bupropion and tramadol).
Neuroleptics
Experience with citalopram has not revealed any clinically relevant interactions with neuroleptics. However, as with other SSRIs, the possibility of a pharmacodynamic interaction cannot be excluded.
Pharmacokinetic interactions
Biotransformation of citalopram to demethylcitalopram is mediated by CYP2C19 (approx. 38%), CYP3A4 (approx. 31%) and CYP2D6 (approx. 31%) isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system. The fact that citalopram is metabolised by more than one CYP means that inhibition of its biotransformation is less likely as inhibition of one enzyme may be compensated by another. Therefore co-administration of citalopram with other medicinal products in clinical practice has very low likelihood of producing pharmacokinetic medicinal product interactions.
Food
The absorption and other pharmacokinetic properties of citalopram have not been reported to be affected by food.
Influence of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of citalopram
Co-administration with ketoconazole (potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) did not change the pharmacokinetics of citalopram.
A pharmacokinetic interaction study of lithium and citalopram did not reveal any pharmacokinetic interactions (see also above).
Cimetidine
Cimetidine, a known enzyme-inhibitor, caused a slight rise in the average steady-state citalopram levels. Caution is therefore recommended when administering high doses of citalopram in combination with high doses of cimetidine. Co-administration of escitalopram (the active enantiomer of citalopram) with omeprazole 30 mg once daily (a CYP2C19 inhibitor) resulted in moderate (approximately 50%) increase in the plasma concentrations of escitalopram. Thus, caution should be exercised when used concomitantly with CYP2C19 inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole, esomeprazole, fluvoxamine, lansoprazole, ticlopidine) or cimetidine. A reduction in the dose of citalopram may be necessary based on monitoring of undesirable effects during concomitant treatment.
Metoprolol
Escitalopram (the active enantiomer of citalopram) is an inhibitor of the enzyme CYP2D6. Caution is recommended when citalopram is co-administered with medicinal products that are mainly metabolised by this enzyme, and that have a narrow therapeutic index, e.g. flecainide, propafenone and metoprolol (when used in cardiac failure), or some CNS acting medicinal products that are mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, e.g. antidepressants such as desipramine, clomipramine and nortriptyline or antipsychotics like risperidone, thioridazine and haloperidol. Dosage adjustment may be warranted. Co-administration with metoprolol resulted in a twofold increase in the plasma levels of metoprolol, but did not statistically significant increase the effect of metoprolol on the blood pressure and cardiac rhythm.
Effects of citalopram on other medicinal products
A pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynarnic interaction study with concomitant administration of citalopram and metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate) showed a twofold increase in metoprolol concentrations, but no statistically significant increase in the effect of metoprolol on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy volunteers.
Citalopram and demethylcitalopram are negligible inhibitors of CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, and only weak inhibitors of CYPlA2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 as compared to other SSRIs established as significant inhibitors.
Levomepromazine, digoxin, carbamazepine
Thus no change or only very small changes of no clinical importance were observed when citalopram was given with CYP1A2 substrates (clozapine and theophylline), CYP2C9 (warfarin), CYP2C19 (imipramine and mephenytoin), CYP2D6 (sparteine, imipramine, amitriptyline, risperidone) and CYP3A4 (warfarin, carbamazepine (and its metabolite carbamazepine epoxid) and triazolam).
No pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between citalopram and levomepromazine, or digoxin, (indicating that citalopram neither induce nor inhibit P-glycoprotein).
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
A large amount of data on pregnant women (more than 2500 exposed outcomes) indicate no malformative feto/ neonatal toxicity. Citalopram can be used during pregnancy if clinically needed, taking into account the aspects mentioned below
Neonates should be observed if maternal use of citalopram continues into the later stages of pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester. Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided during pregnancy.
The following symptoms may occur in the neonates after maternal SSRI/SNRI use in later stages of pregnancy: respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnoea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycaemia, hypertonia, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, lethargy, constant crying, somnolence and difficulty sleeping. These symptoms could be due to either serotonergic effects or discontinuation symptoms. In a majority of instances the complications begin immediately or soon (<24 hours) after delivery.
Epidemiological data have suggested that the use of SSRIs in pregnancy, particular in late pregnancy, may increase the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN). The observed risk was approximately 5 cases per 1000 pregnancies. In the general population 1 to 2 cases of PPHN per 1000 pregnancies occur.
Lactation
Citalopram is known to be excreted in breast milk. It is estimated that the sucking infant will receive about 5% of the weight related material daily dose (in mg/kg). No or only minor events have been observed in the infants. However, the existing information is insufficient for assessment of the risk to the child.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Citalopram has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Psychoactive medicinal products can reduce the ability to make judgements and to react to emergencies. Patients should be informed of these effects and be warned that their ability to drive a car or operate machinery could be affected.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Adverse effects observed with citalopram are in general mild and transient. They are most prominent during the first one or two weeks of treatment and usually attenuate subsequently. The adverse reactions are presented at the MedDRA Preferred Term Level.
For the following reactions a dose-response was discovered: nausea, somnolence, dry mouth, insomnia, diarrhoea, fatigue, increased sweating and tremor.
In comparative clinical trials with tricyclic antidepressants the incidence of adverse events occurring with citalopram was found to be lower in all cases. Withdrawal reactions have been reported in association with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including Citalopram. Common symptoms include dizziness, paraesthesia, headache, anxiety and nausea. Abrupt discontinuation of treatment with Citalopram should be avoided. The majority of symptoms experienced on withdrawal of SSRIs are non-serious and self-limiting.
The table shows the percentage of adverse drug reactions associated with SSRls and/or citalopram seen in either
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Number of patients: Citalopram / placebo = 1346 / 545
1 Cases of QT-prolongation have been reported during the post-marketing period, predominantly in patients with preexisting cardiac disease
2 Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during citaloprarn therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4).
Class effects
Epidemiological studies, mainly conducted in patients 50 years of age and older, show an increased risk of bone fractures in patients receiving SSRIs and TCAs. The mechanism leading to this risk is unknown.
Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of SSRI treatment
Discontinuation of citalopram (particularly when abrupt) commonly leads to withdrawal symptoms. Dizziness, sensory disturbances (including paraesthesia), sleep disturbances (including insomnia and intense dreams), agitation or anxiety, nausea and/or vomiting, tremor, confusion, sweating, headache, diarrhoea, palpitations, emotional instability, irritability, and visual disturbances are the most commonly reported reactions. Generally these events are mild to moderate and are self-limiting; however, in some patients they may be severe and/or prolonged. It is therefore advised that when Citalopram treatment is no longer required, gradual discontinuation by dose tapering should be carried out (see section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration and section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use).
4.9 Overdose
Toxicity
Comprehensive clinical data on citalopram overdose are limited and many cases involve concomitant overdoses of other drugs/alcohol. Fatal cases of citalopram overdose have been reported with citalopram alone; however, the majority of fatal cases have involved overdose with concomitant medications. Patients have survived ingestion of more than 2 g citalopram. The effects will be potentiated by alcohol taken at the same time. Potential interactions may occur with tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs and other SSRIs.
Symptoms
The following symptoms have been seen in reported overdose of citalopram:
Convulsion, vomiting, tremor, cardiac arrest, agitation, bundle branch block, hypertension, mydriasis, torsade de pointes, stupor, sweting, cyanosis, atrial and ventricular arrhythmia, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia, drowsiness and somnolence may occur. At higher dose convulsions may occur within a few hours after ingestion. Hyperventilation, hyperpyrexia and coma have been reported. ECG changes including nodal rhythm, prolonged QT intervals and wide QRS complexes may occur and rarely rhabdomolysis. Fatalities have been reported.
Prolonged bradycardia with severe hypotension and syncope has also been reported.
Rarely, features of the "serotonin syndrome" may occur in severe poisoning. This includes alteration of mental status, neuromuscular hyperactivity and autonomic instability. There may be hyperpyrexia and elevation of serum creatine kinase. Rhabdomyolysis is rare.
Treatment
There is no specific antidote.
An ECG and vital signs should be taken. Activated charcoal, osmotically working laxative (such as sodium sulphate) and stomach evacuation should be considered. Consider oral activated charcoal in adults and children who have ingested more than 5 mg/kg body weights within 1 hour. Activated charcoal given ½ hour after ingestion of citalopram has been shown to reduce absorption by 50%.
If consciousness is impaired the patient should be intubated.
Control convulsions with intravenous diazepam if they are frequent or prolonged.
Management should be symptomatic and supportive and include the maintenance of a clear airway and monitoring of cardiac and vital signs until stable.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
ATC code: N06AB04
Biochemical and behavioural studies have shown that citalopram is a potent inhibitor of the serotonin (5-HT)-uptake. Tolerance to the inhibition of 5-HT-uptake is not induced by long-term treatment with citalopram.
Citalopram is the most Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) yet described, with no, or minimal, effect on noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake.
In contrast to many tricyclic antidepressants and some of the newer SSRI's, citalopram has noor very low affinity for a series of receptors including 5-HT 1A, 5-HT2, DA D1 and D2 receptors, α1-, α2-, β-adrenoceptors, histamine H1, muscarine cholinergic, benzodiazepine, and opioid receptors. A series of functional in vitro tests in isolated organs as well as functional in vivo tests have confirmed the lack of receptor affinity. This absence of effects on receptors could explain why citalopram produces fewer of the traditional side effects such as dry mouth, bladder and gut disturbance, blurred vision, sedation, cardiotoxicity and orthostatic hypotension.
Suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is considered a predictor of antidepressant activity. Like tricyc
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